1800 in science

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The year 1800 in science and technology included many significant events.

Events

The central star of the Ring Nebula is discovered by Fredrich von Hahn: the central star is a white dwarf star with a temperature of between 100000 and 120000 K.

Beryllium is discovered by Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff in beryl from Saxony, a new earth; he calls it Agusterde ("Agust Earth").
Fulminates are discovered by Edward Howard.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The Antipodes Islands, formerly the home of large herds of fur seals, are discovered by the crew of the British ship HMS Reliance.
Jacques Labillardière publishes Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse in Paris.

Xavier Bichat publishes Traité sur les membranes and Recherches physiologiques sur la vie et la mort, pioneering texts in histology and pathology.^[5]
Company of Surgeons granted a royal charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons in London.^[1]

Alessandro Volta develops the so-called voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery.
Infrared rays are discovered by William Herschel, an English astronomer of German origin.^[1]

Yeast is discovered, as a new way to make beer ferment (beer made before 1800 was lambic).
Henry Maudslay develops the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe, allowing standardisation of screw thread sizes for the first time, in London.^[6]^[7]

January 14 - Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist and botanist (d. 1877)
February 2 - Melanie Hahnemann, French homeopath (d. 1878)
February 11 - H. Fox Talbot, English pioneer of photography (d. 1877)
March 14 - James Bogardus, American inventor (d. 1874)
April 15 - James Clark Ross, English explorer of the Polar regions (d. 1862)
July 31 - Friedrich Woehler, German chemist (d. 1882)
December 29 - Charles Goodyear, American inventor of the vulcanization process (d. 1860)

^ ^a ^b ^c Everett, Jason M., ed (2006). "1800". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale. http://www.enotes.com/peoples-chronology. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
^ Howard, Edward (1800). "On a New Fulminating Mercury". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 90 (1): 204–238. doi:10.1098/rstl.1800.0012.
^ Kurzer, F. (1999). "The Life and Work of Edward Charles Howard". Annals of Science 56: 113–141. doi:10.1080/000337999296445.
^ "Edward Charles Howard (1774-1816), Scientist and sugar refiner". National Portrait Gallery, London. 2005-01-05. http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02292. Retrieved 2006-08-30.
^ Elaut, L. (July 1969). "The theory of membranes of F. X. Bichat and his predecessors". Sudhoffs Archiv (West Germany) 53 (1): 68–76. ISSN 0039-4564. PMID 4241888.
^ Rolt, L. T. C. (1962). Great Engineers. London: Bell.
^ Burke, James (1978). Connections. London: Macmillan. pp. 145-6. ISBN 0-333-24827-9.